Is the current agricultural production layout optimal? How to promote the coordinated development of resource conservation, environmental improvement, and farmers' income increase through optimizing the layout of agricultural production? Xie Wei, a researcher at the School of Modern Agriculture of Peking University and the China Agricultural Policy Research Center of Peking University, recently published a research paper entitled "Optimizing the layout of agricultural production is expected to promote the sustainable development of the food system and increase farmers' income" in Nature as the first author, corresponding author, and collaborator, revealing that optimizing the layout of agricultural production is expected to reduce agricultural resource consumption and pollution emissions in China while ensuring food security and increasing farmers' income, Promote green development of agriculture. Xie Wei introduced that based on the principle of "producing the most suitable agricultural products in the most suitable regions", this study developed a large-scale agricultural production layout optimization model, carried out single or multiple objective optimization on multiple dimensions of agricultural sustainable development, and simulated the emission reduction potential and optimization direction of agricultural production layout under three different levels of management department cooperation modes (acting independently, taking into account each other, and coordinating across departments). Each department pursues its own tasks to the best; Give consideration to each other, that is, there is a coordination mechanism among various departments, giving priority to the optimal indicator of agricultural sustainable development, while ensuring that other indicators are not damaged; Cross-departmental coordination refers to overall coordination at the national level, and the pursuit of synchronous optimization of all agricultural sustainable development indicators. The study found that under the premise of no reduction in crop yields, no reduction in farmers' income, and no expansion of cultivated land area, optimizing the layout of agricultural production can achieve a significant improvement in a certain sustainable development indicator, but other indicators have deteriorated. If "taking into account each other", optimizing the layout of agricultural production has a positive effect on all sustainable development indicators. The optimization of one sustainable development indicator will no longer be at the cost of other resources and environment damage, but there will be an imbalance in improvement among various indicators. When achieving a "cross sectoral collaboration" cooperation model, optimizing the layout of agricultural production is expected to promote almost simultaneous improvement of all indicators. Unlike previous agricultural production layouts that focused on farmers' income and food security, the contribution of this study is reflected in how to layout agricultural production in the context of resource conservation and environmental protection. Compared to the trend of crop layout from 2010 to 2020, the simulated adjustment of agricultural production layout under the "cross sectoral collaboration" scenario has the following characteristics: For wheat, in areas with particularly severe groundwater funnels in North China, the key lies in improving water use efficiency. If agricultural water use efficiency cannot be significantly improved in North China, according to the simulation results of the optimization model, it is necessary to control or even appropriately reduce the sown area of wheat in North China. At the same time, in order to ensure the safety of wheat rations, it is possible to expand wheat cultivation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and even restore wheat cultivation in parts of the Northeast to ensure the safety of local rations. Regarding rice, the view over the past decade has been that rice production in the Northeast should be increased, but it has already increased too much. It is recommended to appropriately control the rice planting area in the Northeast. In addition, the study also proposed optimization directions for the layout of oil crops and sugar crops. The research team pointed out that optimizing the layout of agricultural production has a certain contribution to achieving sustainable development goals in China and the world. Optimize agriculture according to the agricultural sustainable development goals set by China