This year's government work report proposes to fully leverage the advantages of the new national system, strengthen the research and development of key core technologies and cutting-edge and disruptive technologies, and accelerate the organization, implementation, and advanced layout of major scientific and technological projects. The new national system is an important way to leverage the superiority of the system of concentrating efforts to accomplish major tasks under the conditions of socialist market economy, and it is crucial for China to accelerate the construction of a strong country in science and technology. To fully leverage the advantages of the new national system, it is necessary to have a profound understanding of where the "new" of the new national system lies, clarify its significance, and avoid generalizing it. The new national system has distinct characteristics of the times. As a resource organization and allocation method that concentrates limited resources to achieve national will under the conditions of planned economy, the traditional national system has strongly supported the success of major scientific and technological projects such as China's "Two Bombs and One Satellite". Under the conditions of socialist market economy, there are significant differences between the new national system and the traditional national system, reflecting distinct characteristics of the times. In terms of strategic objectives, the traditional national system is mainly used to support military and defense needs to ensure national strategic security. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country faced severe domestic and international situations. In order to safeguard national security, China has implemented major scientific and technological projects such as the "Two Bombs and One Satellite" using the national system. With high-tech fields becoming the forefront and main battlefield of international competition, the new national system not only supports major military and defense needs, but also emphasizes supporting major industrial development needs to coordinate and ensure national development and security. In terms of implementation subjects, in the early days of the founding of New China, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, colleges and universities, research institutes affiliated to ministries and commissions, local research institutions and national defense research institutions constituted the main body of China's scientific and technological forces at that time, among which the dominant scientific and technological forces were also the implementation subjects of the traditional national system. Currently, the "four forces" of national laboratories, national scientific research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading technology enterprises constitute the main body of the country's strategic scientific and technological strength. Among them, compared to the traditional national system, national laboratories and technology leading enterprises are the "newly added" main implementers of the new national system, especially technology leading enterprises that highlight the market-oriented characteristics of the new national system. At the same time, with the continuous deepening of institutional and mechanism reforms, the level of autonomy and marketization of new national system implementation entities such as national research institutions and high-level research-oriented universities has also significantly improved. In terms of organizational methods, the mobilization of scientific and technological forces and the centralized allocation of scientific and technological resources in the traditional national system were mainly carried out through administrative instructions, which were determined by the specific historical background at that time. On the one hand, under the planned economy system at that time, administrative instructions were the basic way to mobilize various forces and allocate various resources, and the use of the national system to carry out major scientific and technological breakthroughs was no exception. On the other hand, the "Five Route Army" at that time were all under the jurisdiction of government departments, which made it reasonable and feasible to organize and mobilize through administrative instructions. Under the conditions of a socialist market economy, the market plays a decisive role in resource allocation. In the new national system, the mobilization of scientific and technological forces and the centralized allocation of scientific and technological resources are mainly regulated by market mechanisms. On the one hand, in the process of gathering and allocating various innovative resources, market-oriented methods such as hiring, contract research and development, and technology trading will be the main approach. On the other hand, in the process of mobilizing and organizing various technological forces, market mechanisms will also play an important role. In terms of application of achievements, in the traditional national system, major scientific and technological breakthroughs are often based on the standard of "usability", mainly solving the problem of "existence", and it is difficult to consider cost and efficiency. In the new national system, except for a few special circumstances, major scientific and technological breakthroughs are based on the standard of "usability", which not only solves the problem of "existence", but also the problem of "advantages and disadvantages". The consideration of cost and efficiency is inherent in the research goals from the beginning. The reason is that in the new national system, major scientific and technological achievements need to be tested by market competition. Only with cost and efficiency advantages can they win market competition, especially in the international market, provided that the relevant parameters and performance indicators meet certain requirements. Building a strong technological country requires the establishment of a new national system. Currently, the unprecedented major changes are accelerating, and a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation is deepening. The competition and game among major powers are intensifying, and the global pattern of technological innovation is deeply reshaped. As China embarks on a new journey of building a socialist modern country in an all-round way, the key to achieving high-quality development lies in the modernization of science and technology. Seizing the historical opportunities of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, responding to the strategic game of major powers, and achieving high-quality development urgently require the improvement of a new national system. Establishing a sound new national system is an inevitable requirement for seizing the historical opportunities of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation. At present, scientific research is expanding towards the macro level, deepening towards the micro level, advancing towards extreme conditions, and making cross cutting efforts towards the comprehensive level. Cutting edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, quantum technology, and biotechnology are emerging, driving profound changes in scientific research paradigms. The world has entered the era of big science, and the degree of organization of scientific research and technological innovation, including basic research, is increasing. To seize the historical opportunity of the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, it is urgent to accelerate the improvement of the new national system, combine the world's scientific and technological frontiers with major national strategic needs and economic and social development goals, condense and propose major scientific problems, and concentrate efforts on organized collaborative research and development for major scientific problems. Establishing a sound new national system is an inevitable requirement for responding to the strategic game of major powers. With the interweaving of technological revolution and great power games, the high-tech field has become the forefront and main battlefield of international competition. In recent years, China has been systematically restrained and suppressed in the high-tech field, which has had a significant impact on the development of China's science and technology industry. The severe situation faced by some of the innovation chain industries in China that have been subjected to containment and suppression indicates that relying solely on the spontaneous and scattered efforts of relevant innovation entities cannot effectively cope with this kind of blockade and blockade that is led by the will of the state, cross departmental, cross domain, and even mobilized the power of alliance system organizations. To cope with the strategic game of major powers, it is urgent to accelerate the improvement of the new national system, mobilize and organize national strategic scientific and technological forces such as national laboratories, national scientific research institutions, high-level research universities, and leading scientific and technological enterprises around key core technology breakthroughs, coordinate the allocation of high-level scientific and technological talents, large-scale scientific research funds, advanced scientific research instruments and equipment facilities and other high-end innovation resources, and gather strong research and development forces. Establishing a sound new national system is an inevitable requirement for achieving high-quality development. High quality development is the primary task of comprehensively building a socialist modernized country, and promoting high-quality development should focus on developing new quality productive forces. Technological innovation can give birth to new industries, new models, and new driving forces, and is the core element for developing new quality productivity. To accelerate the development of new quality productive forces, we need to strengthen technological innovation, especially original and disruptive technological innovation, and timely apply the results of technological innovation to specific industries and industrial chains. To accelerate the development of new quality productive forces and promote high-quality development, it is urgent to accelerate the improvement of the new national system, use major scientific and technological breakthroughs to drive the emergence of original and disruptive scientific and technological innovation achievements, promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, the cultivation and growth of emerging industries, and the construction of future industrial layouts. It should be pointed out that the new national system, while providing strong support for China to address major technological challenges, may also have a certain degree of adverse impact on the evolution and development of the national innovation system. The reason is that in the process of using the new national system to carry out major scientific and technological research and development, the country invests a large amount of scientific and technological resources and formulates specialized innovation policies, which may to some extent exacerbate the "Matthew effect" in the field of scientific and technological innovation, that is, the gap between the innovative entities selected to participate in major scientific and technological research and development and the technological innovation capabilities of other innovative entities further widens. In addition, as enterprises, especially technology leaders, are an important part of the country's strategic scientific and technological strength, using the new national system to carry out major scientific and technological breakthroughs may to some extent disrupt the market competition order. Therefore, in order to avoid the generalization of the new national system, original and fundamental scientific research, as well as forward-looking and reserve technological innovation, should be implemented in a conventional manner, and the new national system should not be adopted. The new national system should target major scientific and technological breakthroughs with clear needs, clear goals, and fierce competition, and break through within a time limit through a "science and technology conference battle". In addition, once major technological breakthroughs are completed, the new national system should be withdrawn in a timely manner to bring the national innovation system back to normal. Author: Han Junhui (Associate Researcher at the China Academy of Science and Technology Development Strategy)